{
  "format": "mo-pegs@1",
  "checked": "2026-10-07",
  "note": "Official fixed parities/conversion rates stated by the issuing central bank (or ECB/Council for BGN). direction currency-per-anchor = units of currency per 1 anchor unit; anchor-per-currency = anchor units per 1 currency unit (inverse must be derived with decimal arithmetic and labelled derived). Market/dealing rates differ slightly from these parities; MoneyOtter labels conversions through a peg as \"derived by MoneyOtter from the official peg and ECB rates\".",
  "pegs": [
    {
      "currency": "AED",
      "anchor": "USD",
      "rate": "3.6725",
      "kind": "fixed",
      "since": null,
      "authority": "Central Bank of the UAE (CBUAE)",
      "sources": [
        {
          "url": "https://centralbank.ae/media/5xmpymzi/fx-swaps-facility-t-c_06-04-2023.pdf",
          "title": "CBUAE Dirham Monetary Framework - FX Swaps Facility Terms & Conditions (06-04-2023)",
          "retrieved": "2026-10-07",
          "verifiedVia": "fetch"
        },
        {
          "url": "https://centralbank.ae/en/our-operations/monetary-policy-and-domestic-markets/about-the-framework/",
          "title": "CBUAE - About the Framework (Dirham Monetary Framework)",
          "retrieved": "2026-10-07",
          "verifiedVia": "search-snippet"
        },
        {
          "url": "https://centralbank.ae/media/dlcdkjd2/fx_jun26_en.pdf",
          "title": "CBUAE FX rates, 01-Jun-2026: US Dollar 3.6725",
          "retrieved": "2026-10-07",
          "verifiedVia": "search-snippet"
        }
      ],
      "verified": true,
      "notes": "T&C PDF: 'The reference spot price of USD against AED shall be 3.6725' / 'AED 3.6725 per USD 1'. Framework page (snippet): CBUAE buys AED at 3.673, sells at 3.672. Start date not found on CBUAE pages.",
      "direction": "currency-per-anchor",
      "quote": "AED per 1 USD",
      "status": "verified"
    },
    {
      "currency": "SAR",
      "anchor": "USD",
      "rate": "3.75",
      "kind": "fixed",
      "since": "1986",
      "authority": "Saudi Central Bank (SAMA)",
      "sources": [
        {
          "url": "https://www.sama.gov.sa/en-US/MediaCenter/News/Pages/news-557.aspx",
          "title": "SAMA Affirms Commitment to Exchange Rate Policy (5 May 2020)",
          "retrieved": "2026-10-07",
          "verifiedVia": "fetch"
        },
        {
          "url": "https://www.sama.gov.sa/en-US/MediaCenter/News/Pages/News20031004.aspx",
          "title": "Monetary and Banking Developments in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Al-Sayari, 2003)",
          "retrieved": "2026-10-07",
          "verifiedVia": "search-snippet"
        }
      ],
      "verified": true,
      "notes": "'maintaining the exchange rate at the official rate of 3.75 riyals to the dollar' (fetched). 'since 1986' is from a 2003 SAMA paper (search snippet only).",
      "direction": "currency-per-anchor",
      "quote": "SAR per 1 USD",
      "status": "verified"
    },
    {
      "currency": "QAR",
      "anchor": "USD",
      "rate": "3.64",
      "kind": "fixed",
      "since": "2001",
      "authority": "Qatar Central Bank (QCB)",
      "sources": [
        {
          "url": "https://www.qcb.gov.qa/Documents/BankInstructions/EN/01-02.pdf",
          "title": "QCB Instructions to Banks, Part (I) Exchange Rate Policy - Relation of the Qatari Riyal to US Dollar (Sept 2013)",
          "retrieved": "2026-10-07",
          "verifiedVia": "fetch"
        },
        {
          "url": "https://www.qcb.gov.qa/Documents/BankInstructions/EN/01-01.pdf",
          "title": "QCB Part (I) - Exchange Rate Policy",
          "retrieved": "2026-10-07",
          "verifiedVia": "search-snippet"
        }
      ],
      "verified": true,
      "notes": "'shall be 3.64 Qatari Riyals per dollar'; QCB buys USD at QR 3.6385, sells at QR 3.6415. Amiri Decree No. 34 of 2001 (snippet only).",
      "direction": "currency-per-anchor",
      "quote": "QAR per 1 USD",
      "status": "verified"
    },
    {
      "currency": "OMR",
      "anchor": "USD",
      "rate": "2.6008",
      "kind": "fixed",
      "since": "1986",
      "authority": "Central Bank of Oman (CBO)",
      "sources": [
        {
          "url": "https://cbo.gov.om/Pages/FixedPeg.aspx",
          "title": "Central Bank Of Oman - The Fixed Peg of the RO to the US Dollar",
          "retrieved": "2026-10-07",
          "verifiedVia": "fetch"
        }
      ],
      "verified": true,
      "notes": "'Since the last change in parity in 1986, the fixed peg has remained unchanged at USD 2.6008 per RO.' (fetched via curl; site has a TLS certificate-chain problem)",
      "direction": "anchor-per-currency",
      "quote": "USD per 1 OMR (central bank states 'USD 2.6008 per RO'; inverse ~0.3845 OMR per USD is derived, not stated)",
      "status": "verified"
    },
    {
      "currency": "BHD",
      "anchor": "USD",
      "rate": "0.376",
      "kind": "fixed",
      "since": "1980",
      "authority": "Central Bank of Bahrain (CBB)",
      "sources": [
        {
          "url": "https://www.cbb.gov.bh/monetary-policy/",
          "title": "CBB - Monetary Policy",
          "retrieved": "2026-10-07",
          "verifiedVia": "fetch"
        }
      ],
      "verified": true,
      "notes": "'Bahrain maintains an exchange rate peg at 0.376 Bahraini dinars to the US dollar.' 'The peg has been effectively unchanged since 1980.'",
      "direction": "currency-per-anchor",
      "quote": "BHD per 1 USD",
      "status": "verified"
    },
    {
      "currency": "JOD",
      "anchor": "USD",
      "rate": "0.709",
      "kind": "fixed",
      "since": "1995",
      "authority": "Central Bank of Jordan (CBJ)",
      "sources": [
        {
          "url": "https://www.cbj.gov.jo/En/Pages/Operational_Framework",
          "title": "Operational Framework - Central Bank of Jordan",
          "retrieved": "2026-10-07",
          "verifiedVia": "fetch"
        },
        {
          "url": "https://www.cbj.gov.jo/en/Pages/foreignexchangerates",
          "title": "Foreign Exchange Rates - Central Bank of Jordan (2026/10/07)",
          "retrieved": "2026-10-07",
          "verifiedVia": "fetch"
        }
      ],
      "verified": false,
      "notes": "Peg confirmed ('fixed exchange rate with the US Dollar is the nominal pillar of the monetary policy', adopted 1995), but CBJ shows USD 708 (least)/710 (above) fils; 0.709 itself not stated.",
      "direction": "currency-per-anchor",
      "quote": "JOD per 1 USD (midpoint derived; CBJ publishes 708-710 fils per USD)",
      "status": "unverified"
    },
    {
      "currency": "HKD",
      "anchor": "USD",
      "rate": "7.80",
      "kind": "band",
      "band": {
        "lower": "7.75",
        "upper": "7.85",
        "reference": "7.80"
      },
      "since": "1983-10-17",
      "authority": "Hong Kong Monetary Authority (HKMA)",
      "sources": [
        {
          "url": "https://www.hkma.gov.hk/eng/key-functions/money/linked-exchange-rate-system/milestones-of-monetary-reform/",
          "title": "HKMA - Milestones of Monetary Reform",
          "retrieved": "2026-10-07",
          "verifiedVia": "fetch"
        },
        {
          "url": "https://www.hkma.gov.hk/eng/news-and-media/press-releases/2005/05/20050518-4/",
          "title": "HKMA - Refinements to the Operation of the Linked Exchange Rate System (18 May 2005)",
          "retrieved": "2026-10-07",
          "verifiedVia": "fetch"
        }
      ],
      "verified": true,
      "notes": "17 Oct 1983: pegged 'at a fixed exchange rate of US$1 to HK$7.8'. May 2005: strong-side CU 7.75, weak-side CU moved 7.80 to 7.85 'to achieve symmetry around the Linked Rate of 7.80'.",
      "direction": "currency-per-anchor",
      "quote": "HKD per 1 USD",
      "status": "verified"
    },
    {
      "currency": "XOF",
      "anchor": "EUR",
      "rate": "655.957",
      "kind": "fixed",
      "since": "1999-01-01",
      "authority": "Banque Centrale des Etats de l'Afrique de l'Ouest (BCEAO)",
      "sources": [
        {
          "url": "https://www.bceao.int/fr/content/histoire-du-franc-cfa",
          "title": "BCEAO - Franc CFA (histoire)",
          "retrieved": "2026-10-07",
          "verifiedVia": "fetch"
        }
      ],
      "verified": true,
      "notes": "'Arrimage du FCFA a l'euro: 1er janvier 1999: 655,957 FCFA = 1 euro'",
      "direction": "currency-per-anchor",
      "quote": "XOF per 1 EUR (BCEAO writes '655,957 FCFA = 1 euro')",
      "status": "verified"
    },
    {
      "currency": "XAF",
      "anchor": "EUR",
      "rate": "655.957",
      "kind": "fixed",
      "since": "1999-01-01",
      "authority": "Banque des Etats de l'Afrique Centrale (BEAC)",
      "sources": [
        {
          "url": "https://www.beac.int/en/faqs/",
          "title": "FAQs - BEAC",
          "retrieved": "2026-10-07",
          "verifiedVia": "fetch"
        },
        {
          "url": "https://www.beac.int/billets-pieces/mission-de-beac/",
          "title": "Role de la BEAC",
          "retrieved": "2026-10-07",
          "verifiedVia": "search-snippet"
        }
      ],
      "verified": true,
      "notes": "'Le F.CFA fait l'objet d'une parite fixe avec l'euro au taux de 1EUR = 655,957 F.CFA' (fetched). 1 Jan 1999 start date from BEAC search snippets only.",
      "direction": "currency-per-anchor",
      "quote": "XAF per 1 EUR (BEAC writes '1EUR = 655,957 F.CFA')",
      "status": "verified"
    },
    {
      "currency": "BAM",
      "anchor": "EUR",
      "rate": "1.95583",
      "kind": "fixed",
      "since": null,
      "authority": "Central Bank of Bosnia and Herzegovina (CBBH), currency board",
      "sources": [
        {
          "url": "https://cbbh.ba/press/readfaq/1",
          "title": "CBBH - Monetary policy in Bosnia and Herzegovina",
          "retrieved": "2026-10-07",
          "verifiedVia": "fetch"
        },
        {
          "url": "https://www.cbbh.ba/content/read/13?lang=en",
          "title": "CBBH - General Information About the Bank",
          "retrieved": "2026-10-07",
          "verifiedVia": "search-snippet"
        }
      ],
      "verified": true,
      "notes": "'purchase of KM is carried out by the fixed foreign exchange rate being KM 1.95583 to one euro.' Snippet: Art. 32 CBBH Law, 1 KM = 0.511292 EUR = 1.955830 KM per EUR.",
      "direction": "currency-per-anchor",
      "quote": "BAM per 1 EUR (law: 1 KM = 0.511292 EUR)",
      "status": "verified"
    }
  ],
  "specialCases": [
    {
      "currency": "RUB",
      "anchor": "EUR",
      "rate": null,
      "kind": "suspended",
      "since": "2022-03-02",
      "authority": "European Central Bank (ECB)",
      "sources": [
        {
          "url": "https://www.ecb.europa.eu/services/using-our-site/technical-updates/html/ecb.technical_update220302.en.html",
          "title": "ECB suspends publication of a euro reference rate for the Russian rouble",
          "retrieved": "2026-10-07",
          "verifiedVia": "fetch"
        }
      ],
      "verified": true,
      "notes": "'decided to suspend its publication of a euro reference rate for the Russian rouble until further notice.' Last EUR/RUB reference rate published 1 March 2022.",
      "direction": "currency-per-anchor",
      "quote": null,
      "status": "verified"
    },
    {
      "currency": "BGN",
      "anchor": "EUR",
      "rate": "1.95583",
      "kind": "conversion",
      "since": "2026-01-01",
      "authority": "Council of the European Union / European Central Bank",
      "sources": [
        {
          "url": "https://www.ecb.europa.eu/press/pr/date/2025/html/ecb.pr250708~b9676a9fa8.en.html",
          "title": "ECB - Bulgaria to join euro area on 1 January 2026 (8 July 2025)",
          "retrieved": "2026-10-07",
          "verifiedVia": "fetch"
        },
        {
          "url": "https://www.ecb.europa.eu/press/pr/date/2026/html/ecb.pr260101~c830245e42.en.html",
          "title": "ECB - Bulgaria introduces the euro (1 January 2026)",
          "retrieved": "2026-10-07",
          "verifiedVia": "fetch"
        },
        {
          "url": "https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2025/07/08/bulgaria-ready-to-use-the-euro-from-1-january-2026-council-takes-final-steps/",
          "title": "Bulgaria ready to use the euro from 1 January 2026: Council takes final steps",
          "retrieved": "2026-10-07",
          "verifiedVia": "search-snippet"
        }
      ],
      "verified": true,
      "notes": "Irrevocable conversion rate (not a peg); lev replaced by euro 1 Jan 2026. ECB: Council 'determined a Bulgarian lev conversion rate of 1.95583 per euro' (amends Reg. (EC) No 2866/98).",
      "direction": "currency-per-anchor",
      "quote": "BGN per 1 EUR",
      "status": "verified"
    }
  ]
}